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Kafr Kanna (, Kafr Kanā; ) is an Arab town in the Galilee, part of the Northern District of Israel. It is associated by Christians with the New Testament village of Cana, where Jesus turned water into wine.Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, pp. 367, 391-394 The near-miracle in Kafr Kana In its population was . It has a religiously mixed population of Muslims and Christians from different denominations.
A Jews village during antiquity,Charlesworth, J. H., & Aviam, M. (2014). "Reconstructing First-Century Galilee: Reflections on Ten Major Problems". In Jesus Research: New Methodologies and Perceptions, The Second Princeton-Prague Symposium on Jesus Research, Princeton 2007, pp. 103-37; see 132-133. Chicago Kafr Kanna is mentioned in an extant 9th-century Islamic marble stele. Under Crusades rule, from the 12th to mid-13th centuries, it was a casalis (country estate). Kafr Kanna had become a large village by 1300, during Mamluk Sultanate rule. It flourished as one of the largest localities in Palestine and one of the two market towns of the Safed Sanjak under Ottoman Empire rule in the 16th century, when its population was mostly Muslim with a significant Jewish minority. By the 19th century, its population was roughly equal parts Muslim and Christian, a state which persisted through British Mandatory rule (1917–1948). Since 1948, it is a part of Israel.
Kana was mentioned in the Amarna letters.
In 2001, remains of a 4th-century BCE (Iron Age) pottery kiln that produced everted rim storage jars were found adjacent to the Kanna spring.
On the outskirts of the modern town is the tomb of the Jews sage, rabbi Simeon ben Gamliel, who became the Nasi (president) of the Sanhedrin in 50 CE. His tomb has remained a Jewish pilgrimage site over the centuries. "Tomb of Shimon ben Gamliel vandalized", Jerusalem Post, April 21, 2006 (accessed August 7, 2012). Rabbi Shimon Ben Gamliel's tomb set ablaze, arson suspected, YNet News, November 15, 2009 (accessed August 7, 2012).
Excavation beneath Kafr Kanna's Franciscan church uncovered mosaic floor panels with Aramaic donor inscriptions, using the Hebrew alphabet. An inscription on one of the panels commemorates "Yose son of Tanhum son of Botah," stating that he, along with his sons, made a donation for the creation of the inscribed panel. The other inscription may possibly mention the name Yeshu'a. Excavations under the same church also unearthed a round "discus" lamp dating from the second century AD, which includes a signature of the potter, named Iason.
In 2023, a burial cave with decorated stone Ossuary that were used by Jews for secondary burial in the years following the Bar Kohkba revolt was discovered in Kafr Kanna.
During excavations at Kerem er-Ras/Karm er-Ras, located on the western periphery of the village of Kafr Kanna, a fragment of a Latin burial inscription was discovered in 2001. This inscription, dating back to the 5th century AD, mentions Legio X Fretensis. It is today on display in the Hecht Museum on Haifa. Also unearthed in Kafr Kanna is a magic amulet from the 5th to 7th century, including a metal inscribed charm with 41 lines of Aramaic using the Jewish script. This amulet was designed to counter various fevers, referencing sacred names like Abraxas and the letter tsade (צ), symbolizing the name Sabaoth, as well as a Hebrew language idiom.
target="_blank" rel="nofollow"> Earliest waqf legacy in the world is deciphered: Two villages in Palestine, Ruth Schuster, Dec. 5, 2021, Haaretz The earliest known Waqf inscription in stone; a large and impressive calligraphic marble stele, Near East or Egypt, circa 880-900, 8 Oct 2015; Christie's
The Persian traveler Nasir Khusraw visited the village in 1047 CE and described the place in his diary:
During the Crusader period, the Persian traveler Ali of Herat wrote that one could see the Maqam of Jonah, and also the grave of his son, at Kafr Kanna. This was repeated by the Syrian geographer Yaqut al-Hamawi, although he only wrote of the tomb as being that of Jonas's father. The name Casale Robert was used by the Crusaders, beside variations of the Arab name. In August 1254 Julian, the lord of Sidon, sold it to the Knights Hospitaller.Röhricht, 1893, RRH, p. 321, no. 1217
Around 1300, during Mamluk Sultanate rule, Kafr Kanna was described as being a large village, in which lived the chiefs of various tribes. The head tribe is called Kais al-Hamra ("Kais the Red.") According to the chronicler al-Dimashqi, the district al-Batuf, called "the Drowned Meadow", belonged to the village. Al-Dimashqi further remarked that the waters of the surrounding hills drained into the area, flooding it; as soon as the land was dried up grain was sown.Le Strange, 1890, p. 470
A map from Napoleon's invasion of 1799 by Pierre Jacotin showed the place, named as Cana,Karmon, 1960, p. 166 and David Roberts' The Holy Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt, and Nubia illustrated the same in two separate lithographs. Edward Robinson's 1841 Biblical Researches in Palestine wrote that "The monks of the present day, and all recent travellers, find the Cana of the New Testament, where Jesus converted the water into wine, at Kefr Kenna", however he argued that Cana's location was in fact at the ruins known as Khirbet Qana (Cana of Galilee). Biblical Researches in Palestine, 1841, p.204-208 In the 1881 PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP), described it as a stone-built village, containing 200 Christians and 200 Muslims.Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. 363 A population list from about 1887 showed that Kefr Kenna had about 830 inhabitants; "the greater part Christians."Schumacher, 1888, p. 184
In the 1945 statistics, the population was 1,930; 1,320 Muslims and 610 Christians,Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 8 while the total land area was 19,455 , according to an official land and population survey.Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 62 Of this, 1,552 were allocated for plantations and irrigable land, 11,642 for cereals,Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 109 while 56 dunams were classified as built-up areas.Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 159
On 30 March 1976, a resident of Kafr Kanna, Muhammad Yusuf Taha, was one of six people killed by the Israeli army during Land Day demonstrations.Pappe, 2011, p. 241
In November 2014, there were clashes for some days because Israeli police killed one Israeli Arab, who attacked a police van with a knife. The police said that they had fired warning shots before shooting him but relatives said he was shot in "cold blood" and images from closed-circuit television (CCTV) showed a police officer shooting at the man while he was backing away.
The mayor of the town is Mujahed Awadeh.
Cana is also mentioned as the home town of the Apostle Bartholomew, as "Nathanael of Cana" in John 21:2.
The main churches in Kafr Kanna are the Franciscan Wedding Church, the Greek Orthodox Church of St George and the Baptist Church. Near the two is the (usually closed) Roman Catholic Chapel of the Apostle Bartholomew (Nathanael).
As is the case with many other mixed Muslim-Christian towns in the region, the Christians generally tend to live in the oldest part of town. In Kafr Kanna—and in Kafr Yasif and 'Abud, among others—there are two ancient nuclei in the town: the earlier one where Christians live, and another (also hundreds of years old) where Muslims live.Ellenblum, 2003, p. 144
Ottoman Empire
Under the rule of the Ottoman Empire, the village flourished in the 16th century, as it lay on the western trade route between Egypt and Ottoman Syria.David, 2010, p. 189 High taxes of different kinds were levied on the busy market. Among other things it traded in cloths, produced in Galilee for international consumption. Turkish bath and ovens were also taxed.Rhode, 1979, pp. 142, 153–154, 159 In 1533, Ottoman officials recorded the population as 147 households, and by 1596 (or rather 1548) it grew to 475 Muslim taxpayers (426 households and 49 bachelors) and 96 Jewish taxpayers (95 households and 1 bachelor),Petersen, 2005, p. 131. Note that Petersen only count the households ( hana), and not the bachelors making it the sixth most populous locality in Palestine at the time. The villagers paid a fixed tax-rate of 25% on agricultural products, including wheat, barley, olive trees, fruit trees, cotton, goats and beehives, in addition to occasional revenues and a market toll; a total of 56,303 akçe.Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 187Note that Rhode, 1979, p. 6 writes that the register that Hütteroth and Abdulfattah studied from the Safad-district was not from 1595/6, but from 1548/9 At the time, Kafr Kanna was one of the few market villages in the Safed Sanjak (district of Safed) and the second largest after the city of Safed.Rhodes 1979, pp. 153–154. It was also the only locality in the sanjak besides Safed to have a public bathhouse.Rhodes 1979, p. 159.
British Mandate
In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Kufr Kenna had a total population of 1,175; 672 Muslims and 503 Christians,Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Nazareth, p. 38 of the Christians, 264 were Greek Orthodox, 82 Roman Catholics, 137 Melkites (Greek Catholics) and 20 .Barron, 1923, Table XVI, p. 51 The population had increased at the 1931 census to 1,378; 896 Muslims and 482 Christians, in a total of 266 houses.Mills, 1932, p. 74
Israel
During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, Kafr Kanna was captured by units of Israel's 7th Brigade in the second half of Operation Dekel (July 15–18, 1948).Morris, 2004, p. 421 On July 22, 1948, the two priests, Giuseppe Leombruni (Catholic) and Prochoros (Greek Orthodox), and the Christian mayor surrendered Kafr Kanna peacefully to the advancing Haganah troops, ensuring that the population could remain in the village. Cana commemorates the courage of Father Leombruni, Custodia Terrae Sanctae website, 5 June 2011 [29] Padre Giuseppe Leombruni, un francescano coraggioso, Christian Media Center, 6 July 2011 [30] Kafr Kanna remained under martial law until 1966.
Religious significance
The town is identified by Christianity as the town of Cana, where Jesus performed a miracle at the Marriage at Cana (John 2:1–12). According to the Catholic Encyclopedia of 1914, the identification of Kafr Kanna with Cana dates back to at least the 8th century. However, the general view starting from the 12th-century placed Cana at Khirbet Kana, a site to the northwest of Kafr Kanna. Later, the traditional identification with Kafr Kanna reemerged strongly in the mid-14th-century and until the present day.Pringle, 1993, p. 285
Demographics
Kafr Kanna achieved local council status in 1968. In 2006, there were 18,000 residents, Population of localities numbering above 1,000 residents and other rural populations on 31/12/2006 Central Bureau of Statistics The population grew to 20,832 in the 2014 census. As of 2014, Christians formed about 11% of the population. כפר כנא 2014
Sport
Hapoel Kafr Kanna and F.C. Tzeirei Kafr Kanna plays in Liga Alef (the third tier). Beitar Kafr Kanna both play in Liga Bet (the fourth tier). Maccabi Kafr Kanna, which dissolved in 2014, have played at the Liga Leumit in the past.
Notable people
See also
Bibliography
(1977). 9783920405414, Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft. . ISBN 9783920405414
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